Cours de Mathematiques: Difference between revisions

From Wythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
Adlange (talk | contribs)
497 edits
Gsmith (talk | contribs)
126 edits
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cours de Mathematiques, a l'Usage des Gardes du Corps de la Marine''}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Cours de Mathematiques, a l'Usage des Gardes du Corps de la Marine''}}
===by Etienne Bézout===
===by Etienne Bézout===
__NOTOC__
{{NoBookInfoBox
{{NoBookInfoBox
|shorttitle=Cours de Mathematiques
|shorttitle=Cours de Mathematiques
|commontitle=
|commontitle=
|vol=
|vol=
|author=Etienne Bezout
|author=[[:Category:Etienne Bézout|Etienne Bézout]]
|editor=
|editor=
|trans=
|trans=
Line 16: Line 15:
|set=
|set=
|pages=
|pages=
|desc=Octavo
|desc=[[:Category:Octavos|8vo]]
}}
}}Étienne Bézout was born in 1730 in Nemours, France, to a family of magistrates.<ref>J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, “Étienne Bézout," <i>MacTutor History of Mathematics,</i> (University of St. Andrews, Scotland, February 2000).[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bezout.]</ref> In 1764, he was appointed examiner of the Gardes de la Marine, a position he would hold until his death in 1783.<ref>Monica Blanco Abellán, “The Mathematical Courses of Pedro Padilla and Étienne Bézout: Teaching Calculus in Eighteenth-Century Spain and France,” <i>Science & Education</i> 22, no.4 (2012), 776.</ref> One of his tasks was to write a textbook specifically teaching mathematics, which would later become <i>Cours de Mathematiques, a l'Usage des Gardes du Corps de la Marine.</i><ref>O'Connor and Robertson, "Etienne Bezout."</ref> Bézout was known as a savant who was well-regarded in mathematical research circles, a contributing factor to the wide circulation of <i>Cours</i>.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 784</ref> He also made significant contributions to the field of elimination theory<ref>Judith Grabiner, "Bezout, Etienne" in <i>Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography,</i> vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008) 111–114.[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/DSB/Bezout.pdf.]</ref> through his 1779 work <i>Théorie générale des équations algébraiques,</i> which expanded the symmetric functions of the roots of an algebraic equation. <ref>O'Connor and Robertson, "Etienne Bezout."</ref> <i>Théorie générale</i> also established what is today known as Bézout's theorem, which states that “the degree of the eliminand of a system a <i>n</i> algebraic equations in <i>n</i> unknowns, when each of the equations is generic of its degree, is the product of the degrees of the equations.”<ref>Erwan Penchèvre, “Etienne Bézout on elimination theory,” arXiv:1606.03711 (2016), 1.</ref>


In 1763 Bézout was appointed examiner of marine guards by Choiseul. <ref> Étienne Bézout (Bezout biography) [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bezout.html] </ref> He was responsible for drafting a mathematics course called "Mathematics for the use of flag guards and navy", reference book repeatedly reissued. <ref> Ibid. </ref> On the death of Charles-Étienne Camus in 1768, he was appointed Examiner student body of artillery and writes the "Full Mathematics for the use of naval and artillery", which later became the reference book of candidates for the entrance examination for the Ecole Polytechnique. He is also the author of "General theory of algebraic equations," published in 1779, dedicated to the elimination theory and symmetric functions of the roots of an algebraic equation. <ref> Ibid. </ref> This  volume in particular was used as mathematical instruction manual for the officer corps of the marines with the aim of teaching practical mathematics to the French corps of officers. <ref> Ibid. </ref>
<i>Cours de Mathématiques</i> was the first work for French military students that contained principles and applications of calculus, and it quickly became a best-seller both nationally and internationally.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Course," 769-70.</ref> <i>Cours</i> was published in six volumes, each focusing on a different topic: (1) elements of arithmetic; (2) elements of geometry, plane and spherical trigonometry; (3) algebra its application to arithmetic and the geometry; (4) general principles of the mechanics along with the principles of calculus; (5) application of the general principles of mechanics; and (6) a treatise on navigation.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Course," 776-7.</ref> When Bézout was appointed examiner of the artillery in 1768 after the death of Charles-Étienne Camus, he adapted the six volumes into four, specifically intended for artillery students.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 777.</ref> The various editions of <i>Cours</i> would continue to be reprinted until 1822, circulating not just in French but also in English, Portuguese and Russian.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Course," 777.</ref> One English version was intended specifically for students at Harvard.<ref>O'Connor and Robertson, "Etienne Bezout."</ref>
 
Pedagogically, <i>Cours</i> contained mandatory information on the basic principles of mathematics, and optional content for higher-level students as well.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 777.</ref> It contained the study of sine, cosine, logarithmic, and exponential quantities.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 778.</ref> When teaching calculus, Bézout used the <i>infiniment petits</i> method, or “the infinitely small increments of variable quantities,” an approach which became dominant amongst French engineers in the 1800s.<ref>Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 779.</ref>


==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Line 25: Line 26:


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Account and History of the Tazewell Family]]
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]
Line 30: Line 32:
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
 
__NOTOC__
[[Category:Etienne Bézout]]
[[Category:James Ogilvie's Books]]
[[Category:James Ogilvie's Books]]
[[Category:Mathematics and Engineering]]
[[Category:Mathematics and Engineering]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]
[[Category:Octavos]]

Latest revision as of 16:14, 24 October 2025

by Etienne Bézout

Cours de Mathematiques
Title not held by The Wolf Law Library
at the College of William & Mary.
  
Author Etienne Bézout
Editor
Translator
Published :
Date
Edition Precise edition unknown.
Language
Volumes volume set
Pages
Desc. 8vo

Étienne Bézout was born in 1730 in Nemours, France, to a family of magistrates.[1] In 1764, he was appointed examiner of the Gardes de la Marine, a position he would hold until his death in 1783.[2] One of his tasks was to write a textbook specifically teaching mathematics, which would later become Cours de Mathematiques, a l'Usage des Gardes du Corps de la Marine.[3] Bézout was known as a savant who was well-regarded in mathematical research circles, a contributing factor to the wide circulation of Cours.[4] He also made significant contributions to the field of elimination theory[5] through his 1779 work Théorie générale des équations algébraiques, which expanded the symmetric functions of the roots of an algebraic equation. [6] Théorie générale also established what is today known as Bézout's theorem, which states that “the degree of the eliminand of a system a n algebraic equations in n unknowns, when each of the equations is generic of its degree, is the product of the degrees of the equations.”[7]

Cours de Mathématiques was the first work for French military students that contained principles and applications of calculus, and it quickly became a best-seller both nationally and internationally.[8] Cours was published in six volumes, each focusing on a different topic: (1) elements of arithmetic; (2) elements of geometry, plane and spherical trigonometry; (3) algebra its application to arithmetic and the geometry; (4) general principles of the mechanics along with the principles of calculus; (5) application of the general principles of mechanics; and (6) a treatise on navigation.[9] When Bézout was appointed examiner of the artillery in 1768 after the death of Charles-Étienne Camus, he adapted the six volumes into four, specifically intended for artillery students.[10] The various editions of Cours would continue to be reprinted until 1822, circulating not just in French but also in English, Portuguese and Russian.[11] One English version was intended specifically for students at Harvard.[12]

Pedagogically, Cours contained mandatory information on the basic principles of mathematics, and optional content for higher-level students as well.[13] It contained the study of sine, cosine, logarithmic, and exponential quantities.[14] When teaching calculus, Bézout used the infiniment petits method, or “the infinitely small increments of variable quantities,” an approach which became dominant amongst French engineers in the 1800s.[15]

Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library

Listed in the Jefferson Inventory of Wythe's Library as "Mathematiques de Bezout. 3d. & 4th. vols. 8vo." and given by Thomas Jefferson to James Ogilvie, the tutor of Jefferson's grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph. The precise edition owned by Wythe is unknown. The Brown Bibliography[16] lists either the 1775 or 1781-1784 editions. George Wythe's Library[17] on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several quarto editions were published at Paris. Jefferson's copy was of the 1781 edition." As yet, the Wolf Law Library has been unable to procure a copy of Cours de Mathematiques.

See also

References

  1. ↑ J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson, “Étienne Bézout," MacTutor History of Mathematics, (University of St. Andrews, Scotland, February 2000).[1]
  2. ↑ Monica Blanco Abellán, “The Mathematical Courses of Pedro Padilla and Étienne Bézout: Teaching Calculus in Eighteenth-Century Spain and France,” Science & Education 22, no.4 (2012), 776.
  3. ↑ O'Connor and Robertson, "Etienne Bezout."
  4. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 784
  5. ↑ Judith Grabiner, "Bezout, Etienne" in Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008) 111–114.[2]
  6. ↑ O'Connor and Robertson, "Etienne Bezout."
  7. ↑ Erwan Penchèvre, “Etienne Bézout on elimination theory,” arXiv:1606.03711 (2016), 1.
  8. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Course," 769-70.
  9. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Course," 776-7.
  10. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 777.
  11. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Course," 777.
  12. ↑ O'Connor and Robertson, "Etienne Bezout."
  13. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 777.
  14. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 778.
  15. ↑ Abellán, "The Mathematical Courses," 779.
  16. ↑ Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012, rev. 2014) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433
  17. ↑ LibraryThing, s.v. "Member: George Wythe," accessed on January 28, 2015.
Retrieved from "http://wythepedia.wm.edu/index.php?title=Cours_de_Mathematiques&oldid=77653"