Wythepedia: The George Wythe Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Wythe the Politician

2024-04-17T12:10:36Z

Edherber: /* Wythe the Politician */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. Wythe was first appointed Acting, or Interim, Attorney General, by Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie in January of 1754, and served for about one year.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref> During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so contentious that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref> Wythe would take on the role of Acting Attorney General once more, for about six months between November of 1766 and June of 1767, appointed by Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

===William & Mary Representative Spot (1758-1761)===

===Elizabeth County Seat (1761-1767)===

===Clerk of the House (1768-1774)===

===Mayor of Williamsburg (1770-1771)===

===Alderman (1772)===

===Apprentices St. George Tucker (1773)===

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T14:17:23Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. Wythe was first appointed Acting, or Interim, Attorney General, by Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie in January of 1754, and served for about one year.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref> During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so contentious that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref> Wythe would take on the role of Acting Attorney General once more, for about six months between November of 1766 and June of 1767, appointed by Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T14:16:52Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. Wythe was first appointed Acting, or Interim, Attorney General, by Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie in January of 1754, and served for about one year.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref> During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Lieutenant Governor Dinwiddie.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so disputed that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref> Wythe would take on the role of Acting Attorney General once more, for about six months between November of 1766 and June of 1767, appointed by Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T14:16:10Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. Wythe was first appointed Acting, or Interim, Attorney General, by Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie in January of 1754, and served for about one year.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref> During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Robert Dinwiddie, serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia at the time.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so disputed that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref> Wythe would take on the role of Acting Attorney General once more, for about six months between November of 1766 and June of 1767, appointed by Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T14:15:54Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. Wythe was first appointed Acting, or Interim Attorney General, by Lieutenant Governor Robert Dinwiddie in January of 1754, and served for about one year.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref> During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Robert Dinwiddie, serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia at the time.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so disputed that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref> Wythe would take on the role of Acting Attorney General once more, for about six months between November of 1766 and June of 1767, appointed by Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier.<ref>Virginia House of Delegates Clerks Office. (n.d.). House history. https://history.house.virginia.gov/members/2394#:~:text=Acting%20Attorney%20General%20of%20Virginia,Francis%20Fauquier%20sometime%20shortly%20after</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T13:40:37Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Robert Dinwiddie, serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia at the time.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so disputed that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T13:40:25Z

Edherber: /* Wythe the Politician */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Robert Dinwiddie, serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia at the time.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so disputed that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 59.</ref> The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government.<ref>''French & Indian War Timeline: Lake George NY history''. The French & Indian War Society, Inc. (2020, March 3). https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/.</ref> Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755).<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 60.</ref> During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies' interests.<ref>Ibid pg 61</ref> Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Privileges and Elections" subdivision, and the "Propositions and Grievances" subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg Seat.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref> While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the "Courts of Justice," which was a new challenge.<ref>Ibid pg 62</ref>

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T13:37:26Z

Edherber: /* Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756) */

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

Beginning in 1699, Williamsburg became the capital of colonial Virginia.<ref>Gruber, C. K. E. (2021, February 17). ''Williamsburg during the Colonial Period''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/williamsburg-during-the-colonial-period/#:~:text=Williamsburg%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Virginia%20colony%20from%201699%20until%201779</ref> Located in Williamsburg, the House of Burgesses met irregularly, and sought to imitate the British provincial system and royal hierarchy. <ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 53.</ref> George Wythe was appointed October 28, 1748 to clerk to the "largest and most important standing committees."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> He served on "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances."<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> Serving as a representative of one’s county in the House of Burgesses was "ambition’s chief point of vantage."<ref>Ibid pg 53.</ref> During this time, Wythe’s job included keeping the minutes of the proceedings of these committees. <ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> At the young age of twenty-two, his time in the House of Burgesses served as an educational endeavor for Wythe in colonial legislation.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> It also provided Wythe the opportunity to "rub shoulders" with some of the most influential men in the colonies at that time.<ref>Ibid pg 54.</ref> In 1752, Wythe was reappointed clerk for the "Privileges and Elections" and "Propositions and Grievances" committees. <ref>Ibid pg 57.</ref>

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

The position of Attorney General was considered more prestigious than his seat in the House of Burgesses. During his time as Interim Attorney General, Wythe was involved in many conflicts between the House of Burgesses and the Royal Government.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 62.</ref> The first dispute Wythe became wrapped up in was the Pistol Fee Crisis of 1753-1754.<ref>Ibid pg. 62.</ref> The Pistole Fee Crisis was a dispute between the House of Burgesses and Robert Dinwiddie, serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia at the time.<ref>Olson, C. A. G. (2020, December 7). ''Pistole fee dispute, the''. Encyclopedia Virginia. https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/pistole-fee-dispute-the/.</ref> Dinwiddie wanted to charge individuals a pistole for land patents that had previously been unenforced in Virginia.<ref>Ibid.</ref> A pistole was worth about 18 shillings at the time, which was about 6 days' wages for a skilled tradesman, according to the UK National Archive.<ref>The National Archives. (2024, February 13). ''Currency converter: 1270–2017''. Currency converter. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency-converter/#currency-result.</ref> The controversy was so disputed that Dinwiddie and the House of Burgesses had to go before the Privy Council in London to argue their sides.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The Privy Council, unsurprisingly, sided with Dinwiddie’s pistole fee.<ref>Ibid.</ref> This crisis foreshadows future tax conflicts between the colonies and the Royal Government which would of course surface almost a decade later in 1765 with the Stamp Act.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Wythe only served as Attorney General for a year before he was forced to vacate the position in favor of reinstating Randolph who had believed when he left the position to go to London, it would only be temporary and his job would be waiting for him upon his return.<ref>Hemphill, W. E. (1937). ''George Wythe the Colonial Briton''. University of Virginia. pg 71.</ref>

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

At the age of 28, Wythe was lifted up from his position of clerk to serve in the Williamsburg Seat of the House of Burgess (page 59 of wythe book). The French & Indian War began in May of 1754, so Wythe was immediately thrust into a wartime government. (https://www.frenchandindianwarsociety.org/timeline/). Wythe entered the Fourth Session of the House of Burgess (1752-1755). (page 60). During his time on the Burgess, Wythe worked on an appropriation to aid war efforts in the West. (page 61). Wythe worked on a committee specially assigned to ensure the funds the House of Burgess given for the war effort was not exclusively for English use in the West, but that the allocated funds were helping serve the colonies interests. Wythe was also appointed to serve on the Privileges and Elections subdivision, and the Propositions and Grievances subdivision during his time in the Williamsburg seat. (page 62). While these two subdivisions were familiar to him, Wythe was also appointed to serve on the Courts of Justice, which was a new challenge (page 62).

<ref>This is a reference</ref>

''Italics''

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T13:35:11Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T13:35:04Z

Edherber: /* Interim Attorney General (1754) */

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-06T13:34:25Z

Edherber: /* Wythe the Politician */

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-05T19:58:20Z

Edherber: /* House of Burgess Clerk (1748) */

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-05T19:56:46Z

Edherber: /* Wythe the Politician */

Wythe the Politician

2024-03-05T19:14:08Z

Edherber:

==Wythe the Politician==

===House of Burgess Clerk (1748)===

===Interim Attorney General (1754)===

===Williamsburg Seat, House of Burgess (1754-1756)===

<ref>This is a reference</ref>

''Italics''

==See also==
*[[Wythe the Lawyer]]
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references />

Wythe the Lawyer

2023-10-24T12:41:53Z

Edherber:

[[File:SilvetteWythe1979.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Portrait by David Silvette (1979), [https://law.wm.edu/ College of William & Mary Law School.]]]
George Wythe may be best known for being a signer of the [[Declaration of Independence]], a [[Wythe's Judicial Career|judge on the High Court of Chancery]], and for training some of the most influential legal minds of the 18th century at William & Mary, but before any of that Wythe spent a large portion of his life as a successful lawyer. Like most of Wythe's life, what we know about his legal career comes not from his own legal notes, but from contemporaneous letters and newspapers as well as what cases we can find in county court records and Thomas Jefferson's case notes.<ref>Source Material on George Wythe is hard to come by. See Kirtland, ''George Wythe: Lawyer, Revolutionary, Judge'' (New York: Garland, 1986).</ref> From these sources, however, we can sketch the contours of a successful legal career that extended over 30 years.

At the time Wythe entered the profession, legal training varied and was not as regimented as it is today. Often men who wanted to be attorneys learned in a current attorney's practice, called an apprenticeship.<ref>Frank L. Dewey, ''Thomas Jefferson Lawyer'' (Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 1987), 3.</ref> George Wythe's legal training was no different. While his first teacher was likely his mother, who taught him reading, writing, and arithmetic, Wythe had no formal legal training like law school.<ref>Kirtland, 36-37.</ref> There is some conjecture that he attended William & Mary for some formal education between 1730 and 1735.<ref>William Edwin Hemphill, "[[George Wythe the Colonial Briton|George Wythe the Colonial Briton: A Biographical Study of Pre-Revolutionary Era in Virginia]]," 34 (citing the ''History of the College of William and Mary from its Foundation, 1660 to 1874,'' 84).</ref> But, he begins his formal legal training by studying under his uncle, Stephen Dewey — the husband of his mother's sister — in Prince George County.<ref>Kirtland, 40; see also Dewey, 3.</ref> Dewey was a justice of the peace and served as member of the House of Burgesses.<ref>See Hemphill, 36. Both positions Wythe would later also hold.</ref>

When reflecting on this experience later in life, Wythe suggested that this apprenticeship was more about clerk work and printing duties than it was about actually learning the practice of law.<ref>Hemphill, 37; Kirtland, 40-41.</ref> This lead some scholars to suggest that the experience informed Wythe's commitment to training prospective attorneys differently later in his life, both when he had apprentices and when he became the nation's first law professor.<ref>Hemphill, 38.</ref> While we do not know the day to day experience that Wythe had while apprenticing under his uncle, we can assume that he would have had access to his uncle's legal library.<ref>Hemphill, 38.</ref><ref>Kirtland, 40-41.</ref>

==Early legal career (1746 – 1754)==

It is not until 1745, that there was any law in colonial Virginia on requirements for admission to the legal bar.<ref>Hemphill, 41 (citing Henning ''Statutes'').</ref> Wythe becomes licensed under these requirements and admitted to the legal bar in 1746. A copy of Wythe’s law license exists in the order books of Augusta County records and his license was signed by Peyton Randolph, St. Lawrence Burford, Stephen Dewey, and William Nimmo.<ref>Hemphill, 42 (citing entry of May 21, 1747, Order Book No. 1, 196, Augusta County Records.</ref> Once licensed, attorneys could practice in county courts but had to be admitted to each county court that they would practice in. Several county courts admit Wythe in 1746 and 1747, including Elizabeth City and Spotsylvania.<ref>Hemphill, 42. For record of Elizabeth County admission see June 18, 1746, minutes in Order Book, 1731-1747, 489, Elizabeth County Records. For Spotsylvania County admission, see November 4, 1746, Orders, 1738-1749, 395, Spotsylvania County Records; see also Kirtland, 42.</ref>

[[File:VirginiaCounties1761-1770.jpg|thumb|right|500px|Map of Virginia counties for 1761 – 1770, from Michael F. Doran's ''Atlas of County Boundary Changes in Virginia, 1634-1895'' (Athens, GA: Iberian Pub. Co., 1987). Wythe was admitted as an attorney in County Court in Elizabeth City, Spotsylvania, Caroline, Orange, Augusta, and Warwick Counties, and possibly also in Albemarle, Louisa, James City, York, New Kent, and Charles City Counties.]]
Now, in his early 20s, Wythe moves to western Virginia, specifically to Spotsylvania County. Very quickly, Caroline, Orange, and Augusta Counties admit him to practice.<ref>Hemphill, 43-46 (qualified in Carolina County in February of 1747 and Augusta/Staunton in May of 1747); see also Kirtland, 42.</ref> Most county court attorneys rode the circuits in various counties so it is likely that Wythe qualified in other counties in the area, such as Albemarle and Louisa County, but there are no official records.<ref>Hemphill, 45.</ref> During his time as an attorney in western Virginia, Wythe befriended and worked alongside Zachary Lewis of Spotsylvania, which aided his success as a young lawyer.<ref>Zachary Lewis also becomes Wythe's father-in-law. Horace Edwin Hayden, ''[[Virginia Genealogies]]'' (Wilkes-Barre, PA: E.B. Yordy, 1891), 381-382.</ref> His case load during this time would have covered a diversity of issues, including criminal, civil, and chancery cases. His time on the western county circuits was likely successful and would have encompassed the vast territory that was western Virginia at the time (including what is today West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin).<ref>Hemphill, 48-49.</ref>

Wythe remained a county court attorney in western Virginia until 1748 when he moved back to Williamsburg or the Elizabeth County area.<ref>There is some speculation that Wythe moves back home because of the death of his first wife, Ann Lewis. Hemphill, 52.</ref> Upon moving back to the capital area, Wythe begins his parallel career as politician when the House of Burgesses selects him to serve as clerk to two standing committees.<ref>Hemphill, 55.</ref> He stays in this role until the governor appoints him to be interim Attorney General for Virginia in January 1754, while the current Attorney General, Peyton Randolph, was in England to advocate for the Colony to the Crown, through December 1754.<ref>Hemphill, 66-71.</ref>

It is assumed that Wythe continued to ride the circuits of nearby counties such as James City, York, New Kent, and Charles City Counties during this time, though we cannot be sure because the court records for these counties have been lost.<ref>Hemphill, 55.</ref> There is evidence, however, that he was still practicing as a county court attorney in this period because there is record of him arguing at least three cases in Warwick County in 1749.<ref>Hemphill, 55 (citing entries of April 6, 1749, Minutes, 1748-1762, 29-31, Warwick County Records).</ref> There are also records that he had clients at this time including John Blair in 1751 and the Custis family in 1754.<ref>Hemphill, 56-57. For John Blair see entries of March 20, 22, October 2, November 7, 1751, ''William and Mary College Quarterly'' 1st Series, VII, 137, VIII, 5, VII, 146, 148; for Custis family see [[1776 Americana|letter from Wythe to Daniel Parke Custis]], April 10, 1754).</ref> In 1754, Wythe was appointed to the Williamsburg seat in the House of Burgesses and he would provide counsel for candidates in the House of Burgesses that had legal issues within the House.<ref>Hemphill, 57.</ref>

For the rest of his legal career, Wythe would balance the practice of law with his service in the colonial government.

==Pre-Revolutionary attorney (1754 – 1778)==

Sometime between 1754 and 1755, the General Court admits George Wythe to practice, ending his time serving on the county court circuit.<ref> The exact date of his appointment is unclear, but Hemphill argues that it was likely sometime before May 1755 because there is a license signed by Wythe for Paul Carrington in 1755, which would have required that Wythe have a license in the General Court. See Hemphill, 77 (citing 1755 license for Paul Carrington).</ref> Between 1755 and 1761, one could not practice in county courts and the General Court unless you were a barrister (a person qualified to practice in an English Court). George Wythe chose to practice in the General Court.<ref>Kirtland, 45; Dewey, 2,4.</ref>

Unlike the county courts, the General Court was a superior court located exclusively in Williamsburg.<ref>Dewey, 3.</ref> The General Court handled appellate cases that rose out of county court decisions.<ref>Kirtland, 45.</ref> Very few attorneys served on this court and at the time Wythe practiced in front of the court he practiced alongside some of the top attorneys in Virginia – including Peyton Randolph, Robert Carter Nicholas, and Edmund Pendleton.<ref>Hemphill, 84.</ref> One reason scholars have considered attorneys practicing on the General Court as the best of the best is because three attorneys from the court – Wythe, Pendleton, and Nicholas – are immediately elected to high judgeships after the Revolution.<ref>Dewey, 7.</ref> Wythe would serve on the General court until the Revolution.<ref>Kirtland, 45.</ref>

But like most of his life, Wythe kept additional responsibilities while simultaneously licensed in the General Court. He also served as the Elizabeth City County Justice of the Peace in Chesterfield from 1755 until sometime in the 1760s.<ref>Hemphill, 75 (citing Order Book, 1775-1776, Elizabeth City County Records).</ref> Likewise, beginning in 1758, Wythe served on the examination board for the General Court and signed licenses for practitioners such as Patrick Henry.<ref>Hemphill, 106 (citing Tyler’s Quarterly Magazine, IX, 97). Also signed the licenses of Peter Hog. Hemphill, 106 (citing Brock, ed., Records of Dinwiddie, I, 470, n.); Dewey, 118.</ref> Wythe continued serving on this examination board until 1772.<ref>Hemphill, 105; Dewey, 118.</ref> Wythe’s political career also accelerated during this period as he served as Interim Attorney General (January 1754-December 1754),<ref>Kirtland, 46. </ref> William & Mary appointed Burgess (1758-1761),<ref>Hemphill, 166-167.</ref> Elizabeth County Burgess Representative (1761-1767),<ref>Hemphill, 170.</ref> appointed Clerk of the House (1768-1774), Mayor of Williamsburg (1770-1771),<ref>Hemphill, 258 (citing Virginia Gazette, pub. By Pudie and Dixon, December 3, 1772); Kirtland, 49.</ref> and Williamsburg Alderman (? -1772).<ref>Hemphill, 258.</ref>

Although Wythe was never only practicing law, the legal practice he shared with Robert Carter Nicholas flourished in the 1750s and 1760s.<ref>Hemphill, 258.</ref> Business records from Elizabeth County suggest that he was financially successful because he could afford to expand his property ownership.<ref>Hemphill, 104.</ref> He even served as attorney for George Washington twice during this period and again much later in 1773.<ref>Hemphill, 102 (citing Robert Carter Nicholas to George Washington, January 5, 1758, Stanislaus Murray Hamilton, ed., Letters to Washington and Accompanying Papers, II, 256; Entries of April 1 and May 21, 1760, John C. Fitzpatrick ed., The Diaries of George Washington, 1748-1799, I, 147, 163). For later representation see Hemphill, 137 (citing George Wythe to George Washington, December 15, 1773, Hamilton, ed., Letters to Washington, IV, 282-284; George Washington to George Wythe, January 17, 1774, Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, III, 174-176; George Washington to John Parke Custis, May 26, 1778, Fitzpatrick, ed., Writings of Washington, XI, 456)</ref> Even when he was appointed the Clerk of the House in 1768, a time-consuming job, Wythe continued to keep up his practice before the General Court.<ref>Kirtland, 96 (stating that Wythe’s duties as clerk “were not so arduous as to preclude Wythe’s practice before the General Court”).</ref> It was also in the 1760s that Wythe apprenticed his most famous future lawyer, Thomas Jefferson.<ref>Hemphill, 114. Jefferson was not the only legal student apprenticed by Wythe at this time. There were others including St. George Tucker. See Hemphill, 146; Kirtland, 97.</ref> Jefferson apprenticed under Wythe from 1762-1767.<ref>Hemphill, 124.</ref>

Once the General Court licensed Jefferson, he joined Wythe in legal practice, and they worked together until the outbreak of the Revolution in 1775.<ref>Hemphill, 124 (citing “Autobiography,” Berg. ed., Writings of Jefferson, I, 4). For General court closing see Hemphill, 149.</ref> Unfortunately, the General Court records disappeared, but Jefferson was a meticulous note taker, unlike his mentor; thus, most of the records we have on the cases Wythe executed come from Jefferson’s reports during their practice together.<ref>See Thomas Jefferson, Reports of Cases Determined in the General Court of Virginia from 1730 to 1740 and from 1768 to 1772 (Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1981); see also Hemphill, 130-132; Kirtland, 96.</ref> For this reason, even though we know Wythe was on the court from 1755-1765 there is very little record of what cases he was a part of, unlike the latter part of his career with Jefferson from 1768-1775.<ref>Hemphill, 10</ref> Although not court notes, there is also evidence of petitions in General Court bearing Wythe’s signature or including him as the attorney of record.<ref>See Hemphill, 144 (citing Petition of Achilles Foster, undated, Autograph Collection of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery; Petition of Solomon Redmon, undated [ca.1772], in the possession of Thomas F. Hadigan Co., New York, December 1936; Petition of John Randolph, February 12, 1773, Gratz Collection, Pennsylvania Historical Society Library).</ref>

Overall, Wythe’s pre-revolutionary career was successful, and he managed to balance both the law and politics until 1775, when all normal legal and political activity ceased due to the Revolution.<ref>Kirtland, 97-98.</ref> The General Court has its last session in 1775.<ref>Hemphill, 149.</ref> Wythe did not know it, but this would lead to the end of his legal career as a practitioner because he was one of the first to be appointed to a high judgeship in 1778 after the Revolution ended.<ref>Kirtland, 119.</ref>

==Wythe’s Legal Reputation==
Outside of the specifics of his practice, what do we know about Wythe’s reputation as a lawyer? While most of the evidence is either anecdotal from those who were close to him like Jefferson, or written after his death, it seems that overall Wythe was known and respected as a lawyer of skill and integrity.

Wythe’s presence on the General court sets him apart as one of the most skillful attorneys of the period.<ref>Dewey, 7; Kirtland, 49.</ref> It was often said that Wythe had few equals in the courtroom, outside of Edmund Pendleton whom he repeatedly faced in court and who managed to defeat Wythe often.<ref>Kirtland, 49-51, 59; see also Hemphill, 98.</ref> Both lawyers were well respected and continued to compete for over two decades in the General Court.<ref>Hemphill, 159.</ref> While Wythe was noted to be smarter, Pendleton had a stronger ability to bring forth clever arguments quickly.<ref>Hemphill, 159-161.</ref> But this does not mean that Wythe was less skilled than Pendleton. His knowledge of the law was unmatched — “profound” — as noted in an anonymous letter to a local newspaper after his death.<ref>Hemphill, 150 (citing Anonymous “Communication,” ''The Enquirer'', June 10, 1806).</ref>

Upon his death, many of his contemporaries noted that Wythe’s integrity was key to his legal practice. One contemporary, Reverend Lee Hassey, stated that Wythe “was the only honest lawyer he ever knew.”<ref>Hemphill, 153 (citing J.T. Stoddert, letter to Bishop Heade, reprinted in Heade, op. cit., II, 238).</ref> Jefferson stated that Wythe was “as distinguished by correctness and purity of conduct in his profession, as he was by his industry & fidelity to those who employed him.”<ref>Hemphill, 154 (citing Jefferson, “Notes for the Biography of George Wythe,” Jefferson Papers, Library of Congress).</ref> And that the temptations of law never tried succeeded to corrupt Wythe’s purity.<ref>Hemphill (citing Randolph, Manuscript History of Virginia, Virginia Historical Magazine, XLIII, 131).</ref>

For example, when accepting cases, Wythe was very intentional about who he would and would not represent, never accepting a case simply for financial or reputational gains.<ref>Hemphill, 154.</ref> As an intake procedure, Wythe required all of his clients to sign affidavits of truth of their testimony and if he later found out they had lied, he would return any money paid and refer them to another attorney.<ref>Hemphill, 154-155 (citing “Memoirs of the Late George Wythe, Esquire,” The American Gleaner and Virginia Gazette, I, 2-3); see also Kirtland, 58.</ref>

In a printed eulogy upon Wythe’s death, Mason L. Weems told the story of Wythe withdrawing from a client who he believed to be in the wrong and returned his money because Wythe in good conscious could not go on with the suit. The story alleges that Wythe still maintained lawyer-client confidentiality by telling the client “that as conscience will not allow me to say anything for you, honor forbids that I should say anything against you.”<ref>Hemphill, 155-156 (citing a reprint from The Charleston, S.C., Times, July 1, 1806, in ''William and Mary College Quarterly'', 1st Series, XXV, 18-19.</ref> Meaning that while Wythe could not move forward in the case and advised the client not to either, he would not stand in the way of the client finding another attorney. There is no written evidence for this exchange, but as an anecdotal story, it seems to comply with other observations of Wythe’s career from his contemporaries.<ref>Hemphill, 157.</ref>

Along with his conscientious selection of cases, contemporaries also remembered Wythe to be less concerned about financial success than other attorneys of his day.<ref>Ibid.</ref> After his death, public reflections about him as a lawyer stated that he would always take the lowest possible fee. And that no persuasion or subterfuge “could induce him to accept a fee beyond the lowest possible value of his labour.”<ref>Ibid, (citing “Communication” signed “A.B.” Virginia Gazette, and General Advertiser, June 18, 1806).</ref>

Admittedly, these reflections come after Wythe’s death and thus, could be tainted by their desire to remember Wythe at his best. The consistency of the reflections, however, suggest some truth and it could be concluded that at the very least Wythe was known by those who knew him best as a knowledgeable and skillful lawyer who was unmatched in his legal integrity.

==County Court cases==
Most attorneys in this period practiced in several county courts, referred to as “riding the circuit.”<ref>Dewey, 1.</ref> Qualifications for the county courts were set by statute. General Court lawyers examined incoming practitioners and certified their good character in each specific county court they wanted to practice along with paying a 20-shilling fee.<ref>Dewey, 4.</ref> While Wythe qualified and practiced in several county courts, the records available for those cases are sparse. The cases below rely primarily on the information printed in Orange County’s order books. We rely on Orange County records because they are one of the only locales that identify the attorney in their reports.<ref>Hemphill, 46-47. There is also evidence that indicates Wythe pleaded more cases in Orange County than any other advocate except Zachary Lewis. Hemphill, 48.</ref> Cases listed below that come from a source other than Orange County are marked with a +.

The Wythepedia articles on the county cases briefly summarize the cases and reproduce the filed complaint when available.

<div style="column-count:5;-moz-column-count:5;-webkit-column-count:5">
*''[[Complaint, 12 May 1747, of Hart v. Zimmerman|Hart v. Zimmerman]]
*''[[Complaint, Lewis v. Chew, February 1748|Lewis v. Chew]]''
*''[[Complaint, Moore v. Downs, March 1748|Moore v. Downs]]''
*''[[Mullins v. Pendleton]]''
*''[[Complaint, 5 November 1746, of William Russell v. Thomas Dowde|Russell v. Dowde]]
*''[[Complaint, 30 March 1747, of Strother v. Zimmerman|Strother v. Zimmerman]]
</div>

==General Court cases==
Unlike the county courts, the General Court was in one location – Williamsburg. The General Court sessions lasted for four weeks and included original cases as well as appellate cases from county courts. Admission to this court was not set by statute, but existing members had to license future members.<ref>Dewey, 2-4.</ref> Official reports of General Court cases disappeared, but we do have records from notes taken by lawyers who practiced before the court.<ref>Kirtland, 96; Hemphill, 130.</ref> For information on cases argued by George Wythe, we are in great debt to the writings of Thomas Jefferson.

Most notably, Jefferson published ''Report of Cases Determined in the General Court of Virginia: From 1730, to 1740; and From 1768, to 1772'' in 1829 which contained 42 cases decided in the General Court.<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Report of Cases Determined in the General Court of Virginia: From 1730, to 1740; and From 1768, to 1772'' (Charlottesville: F. Carr, and Co., 1829), (Buffalo, New York: William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1981 ed.).</ref> For the early years he compiles the manuscript notes written by Sir John Randolph, Edward Barradall, and William Hopkins. Jefferson reported the rest himself.<ref>''Jefferson Reports'', Introduction to the 1981 edition.</ref> Eight of the cases listed below come from those reports.<ref>The cases reported by Jefferson are: ''Blackwell v. Wilkinson, Bolling v. Bolling, Bradford v. Bradford, Brent v. Porter, Carter v. Webb, Godwin v. Lunan, Herndon v. Carr,'' and ''Howell v Netherland.'' Jefferson, ''Report of Cases Determined in the General Court of Virginia.''</ref> Additionally, Jefferson kept a written record of these cases and one additional Wythe case in his ''Household Accounts and Notes of Virginia Court Legal Cases''.<ref>''Household Accounts and Notes of Virginia Court Legal Cases''. Thomas Jefferson Papers, 1606 to 1827, Series 7: Miscellaneous Bound Volumes, Library of Congress.</ref> The Wythepedia articles on these cases include an introduction and summary of the case as well as any known additional information about case arguments and outcomes.

Most of the rest of the cases listed below come from another Jefferson source, ''Jefferson's Memorandum Books: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826''. He was a meticulous note taker and kept notes on cases that he worked with Wythe.<ref>''Thomas Jefferson's Memorandum Books, Volumes I-II: Accounts, with Legal Records and Miscellany, 1767-1826''. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 2nd Series, James A. Bear, Jr. and Lucia C. Stanton, eds. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997).</ref> For those cases, the Wythepedia articles include little information because Jefferson’s memorandum book was a working to-do list, so while it gives case names, attorneys, and sometimes details, it does not provide any information on the outcome or strategy of the cases.

Lastly, there are some records that survive from Wythe's law firm with Robert Carter Nicholas.<ref>Thomas Jefferson and Jefferson-Randolph Family Papers, 1747-1827, in the Tracy W. McGregor Library, Accession #564, 6746, Albert H. and Shirley Small Special Collections Library (Charlottesville, Va: University of Virginia).</ref> We rely on these records for two cases, ''Carrol v. Clifton'' and ''Clifton v. Digges''.

<div style="column-count:5;-moz-column-count:5;-webkit-column-count:5">
*''[[Allen v. Allen]]''
*''[[Anderson v. Anderson (1769)|Anderson v. Anderson]]''
*''[[Archer v. Crawford]]''
*''[[Bland v. Rose]]''
*''[[Beckham v. Philips]]''
*''[[Blackwell v. Wilkinson]]''
*''[[Bolling v. Bolling]]''
*''[[Bradford v. Bradford]]''
*''[[Brent v. Porter]]''
*''[[Brown v. Maupin]]''
*''[[Carrol v. Clifton]]''
*''[[Carter v. Webb]]''
*''[[Cary v. The King]]''
*''[[Clifton v. Diggs]]''*
*''[[Cloyd v. Cloyd]]''
*''[[Cole v. Leigh]]''
*''[[Cole v. Robertson]]''*
*''[[Custis v. West]]''
*''[[Dalton v. Lyons]]''
*''[[Godwin v. Lunan]]''
*''[[Hardaway v. Bland]]''
*''[[Harris v. Jefferson]]''
*''[[Herndon v. Carr]]''
*''[[Hite v. Fairfax]]''
*''[[Hooker v. Burwell]]''
*''[[Howell v. Netherland]]''
*''[[Hudson v. Hudson]]''
*''[[Adam Hunter v. Glassell]]''
*''[[James Hunter v. Glassell]]
*''[[Jefferson v. Stith]]''
*''[[Jefferson v. Fleming’s exrs.]]''
*''[[Jefferson v. Skipwith]]''
*''[[Jennings v. Black]]''
*''[[Mercer v. Wayle’s exrs.]]''
*''[[Mills v. Hayes]]''
*''[[Philips v. Hubbard]]''
*''[[Quarles v. Gregory]]''
*''[[Speirs v. Thomas]]''
*''[[Stephens v. Cabage]]''
*''[[Thornton v. Hunter]]''
*''[[Turnstall v. Hunt]]''
*''[[Turpin v. Goode]]''
</div>

==See also==
*[[Wythe's Judicial Career]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://encyclopediavirginia.org/5740hpr-9cf8558ea44dc95/ "County Formation during the Colonial Period,"] Encyclopedia Virginia.

[[Category: Aspects of Wythe's Life]]
[[Category: Cases]]

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times

2023-10-24T12:32:12Z

Edherber: /* by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.''}}
===by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury===
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}}[[wikipedia:/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury|Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] (1671-1713), firstborn son of the 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, was a pupil of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke’s] in the early 1670s.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6209 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed December 4 2015.</ref> While Shaftesbury did not always agree with Locke’s philosophies, his influence no doubt helped to shape Shaftesbury as an intellectual.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> After a tour of continental Europe in the 1680s, Cooper returned to England and eventually began a three-year stint in the House of Commons from 1695-1698.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Though his career there was largely uneventful, it is noteworthy for his support of the Treason Bill, which provided legal counsel for those accused of the crime.<ref>Ibid.</ref> When Cooper rose to speak in favor of the bill, he either feigned fright at speaking to the assembly or was actually frightened, and had to take a moment to compose himself in front of the body.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Once ready, he then spoke of the need for the accused to have counsel in front of the judges trying their case, because he, innocent and not even accused of treason, as well as a Member of Parliament, was still placed in a state of fright when compelled to speak before their authority.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The bill passed in no small part due to this rhetorical flourish. Afterwards, he refused to stand for the House of Commons again, and instead stepped down as the body dissolved. A year later, in 1699, his father died and Cooper gained his seat in the House of Lords, where he served actively until William III’s death in 1702.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

While his prominence eventually declined in the 20th century as a philosopher, Shaftesbury was one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, and it is still regarded with much prestige.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> Today, Shaftesbury is remembered "as the initiator of the ‘moral sense’ school of British ethical theory."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. "Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1." ''Online Library of Liberty''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref> Lord Shaftesbury believed that "humans appreciate order and harmony" and it was that appreciation that defined humans "judgments on beauty, morality, and religion."<ref>Gill, Michael B. “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury].” ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', June 1, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/.</ref> Shaftesbury was not interested in philosophy as a purely academic pursuit; he believed it could be used to "help people lead better lives" and often wrote persuasively, for all educated people to read.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Cooper was single most of his life, which gave rise to questions regarding his sexuality that his own writings do not dispel.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He did, however, recognize his duty to his family to further his line, as evidenced by a letter to his brother, Maurice, in 1705.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1709, he married a Jane Ewer, and by 1711 she bore him a son, who would become Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the middle of 1711 he left England for good, and late that year established a residence in Chiaia, Italy. He lived there until his death in 1713.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His remains were returned to England and interred in the chapel of Wimborne St. Giles.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'', a collection of Cooper's more influential essays, was first published in 1711.<ref>"Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of," in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).</ref>
Cooper made extensive revisions for the second edition which was released over a year after his death in 1714.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 64, no. 3/4 ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' (2001): 529.</ref> It contained multiple engravings in the second volume, included for illustrative and demonstrative purposes.<ref>Isabel Rivers, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 51, no.204 new series ''The Review of English Studies (Nov. 2000): 620.</ref> Over the next 60 years, nine more editions surfaced in England.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work itself was intended to serve as a guide to the reader on how to live a morally sound life, and covers a myriad of topics, from masculinity to the arts.<ref>Klein, "Review," 531.</ref> Containing nearly a quarter-million words, the manuscript itself is often split into three volumes.<ref>Ibid., 532</ref> The first volume contains what amounts to a foundation of principles that are discussed in more depth in the second volume. The third volume then contains meandering writings intended to clarify the first two volumes.<ref>Rivers, "Review," 617.</ref> The work is notable for both its novel approach in addressing moralistic thinking and its influence on future philosophers. Cooper's work was one of the first of its kind to explore moral principles divorced from the typical Christian framework that often accompanied them.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, Cooper framed his justification for moral principles based on natural propensities for affection between individuals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> ''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'' influenced many prominent philosophers of later generations, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] and, to a lesser extent, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant].<ref>Ibid.</ref> Second only to [[Locke’s Second Treatise]], ''Charackteristicks'' "was the most reprinted book in English in that century."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. “Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1.” Online Library of Liberty. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Shaftesbury’s Characteristics. 3.v. 12mo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appears on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Shaftsbury's Essays 2 [vols.], $1.00." [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 18, 2023.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several duodecimo editions were published, the first in 1733." Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> lists the choice of either the 2nd edition published in London (1714-715)<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 2:13 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648109&view=1up&seq=25 [no.1258]]. Jefferson sold a copy of the London edition to the Library of Congress in 1815, but it includes no markings suggesting prior Wythe ownership.</ref> or the Foulis edition published in Glasgow (1743-1745)<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Thomas Jefferson's Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order'', ed. by James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington: Library of Congress, 1989): 55.</ref> based on copies owned by Thomas Jefferson. He also notes "Since Wythe favored published works from Foulis, he may have owned that edition. However, we cannot prove one way or the other which edition he owned."<ref>Brown.</ref>

The Wolf Law Library has not found an available copy of ''Shaftesbury's Characteristics'', but would prefer the Foulis edition if available.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]

[[Category:English]]

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times

2023-10-24T12:31:50Z

Edherber: /* by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury */

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}}[[wikipedia:/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury|Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] (1671-1713), firstborn son of the 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, was a pupil of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke’s] in the early 1670s.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6209 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed December 4 2015.</ref> While Shaftesbury did not always agree with Locke’s philosophies, his influence no doubt helped to shape Shaftesbury as an intellectual.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> After a tour of continental Europe in the 1680s, Cooper returned to England and eventually began a three-year stint in the House of Commons from 1695-1698.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Though his career there was largely uneventful, it is noteworthy for his support of the Treason Bill, which provided legal counsel for those accused of the crime.<ref>Ibid.</ref> When Cooper rose to speak in favor of the bill, he either feigned fright at speaking to the assembly or was actually frightened, and had to take a moment to compose himself in front of the body.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Once ready, he then spoke of the need for the accused to have counsel in front of the judges trying their case, because he, innocent and not even accused of treason, as well as a Member of Parliament, was still placed in a state of fright when compelled to speak before their authority.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The bill passed in no small part due to this rhetorical flourish. Afterwards, he refused to stand for the House of Commons again, and instead stepped down as the body dissolved. A year later, in 1699, his father died and Cooper gained his seat in the House of Lords, where he served actively until William III’s death in 1702.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

While his prominence eventually declined in the 20th century as a philosopher, Shaftesbury was one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, and it is still regarded with much prestige.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> Today, Shaftesbury is remembered "as the initiator of the ‘moral sense’ school of British ethical theory."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. "Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1." ''Online Library of Liberty''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref> Lord Shaftesbury believed that "humans appreciate order and harmony" and it was that appreciation that defined humans "judgments on beauty, morality, and religion."<ref>Gill, Michael B. “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury].” ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', June 1, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/.</ref> Shaftesbury was not interested in philosophy as a purely academic pursuit; he believed it could be used to "help people lead better lives" and often wrote persuasively, for all educated people to read.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Cooper was single most of his life, which gave rise to questions regarding his sexuality that his own writings do not dispel.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He did, however, recognize his duty to his family to further his line, as evidenced by a letter to his brother, Maurice, in 1705.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1709, he married a Jane Ewer, and by 1711 she bore him a son, who would become Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the middle of 1711 he left England for good, and late that year established a residence in Chiaia, Italy. He lived there until his death in 1713.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His remains were returned to England and interred in the chapel of Wimborne St. Giles.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'', a collection of Cooper's more influential essays, was first published in 1711.<ref>"Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of," in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).</ref>
Cooper made extensive revisions for the second edition which was released over a year after his death in 1714.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 64, no. 3/4 ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' (2001): 529.</ref> It contained multiple engravings in the second volume, included for illustrative and demonstrative purposes.<ref>Isabel Rivers, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 51, no.204 new series ''The Review of English Studies (Nov. 2000): 620.</ref> Over the next 60 years, nine more editions surfaced in England.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work itself was intended to serve as a guide to the reader on how to live a morally sound life, and covers a myriad of topics, from masculinity to the arts.<ref>Klein, "Review," 531.</ref> Containing nearly a quarter-million words, the manuscript itself is often split into three volumes.<ref>Ibid., 532</ref> The first volume contains what amounts to a foundation of principles that are discussed in more depth in the second volume. The third volume then contains meandering writings intended to clarify the first two volumes.<ref>Rivers, "Review," 617.</ref> The work is notable for both its novel approach in addressing moralistic thinking and its influence on future philosophers. Cooper's work was one of the first of its kind to explore moral principles divorced from the typical Christian framework that often accompanied them.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, Cooper framed his justification for moral principles based on natural propensities for affection between individuals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> ''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'' influenced many prominent philosophers of later generations, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] and, to a lesser extent, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant].<ref>Ibid.</ref> Second only to [[Locke’s Second Treatise]], Charackteristicks "was the most reprinted book in English in that century."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. “Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1.” Online Library of Liberty. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Shaftesbury’s Characteristics. 3.v. 12mo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appears on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Shaftsbury's Essays 2 [vols.], $1.00." [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 18, 2023.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several duodecimo editions were published, the first in 1733." Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> lists the choice of either the 2nd edition published in London (1714-715)<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 2:13 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648109&view=1up&seq=25 [no.1258]]. Jefferson sold a copy of the London edition to the Library of Congress in 1815, but it includes no markings suggesting prior Wythe ownership.</ref> or the Foulis edition published in Glasgow (1743-1745)<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Thomas Jefferson's Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order'', ed. by James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington: Library of Congress, 1989): 55.</ref> based on copies owned by Thomas Jefferson. He also notes "Since Wythe favored published works from Foulis, he may have owned that edition. However, we cannot prove one way or the other which edition he owned."<ref>Brown.</ref>

The Wolf Law Library has not found an available copy of ''Shaftesbury's Characteristics'', but would prefer the Foulis edition if available.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]

[[Category:English]]

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times

2023-10-24T12:31:32Z

Edherber: /* by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.''}}
===by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury===
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}}[[wikipedia:/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury|Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] (1671-1713), firstborn son of the 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, was a pupil of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke’s] in the early 1670s.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6209 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed December 4 2015.</ref> While Shaftesbury did not always agree with Locke’s philosophies, his influence no doubt helped to shape Shaftesbury as an intellectual.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> After a tour of continental Europe in the 1680s, Cooper returned to England and eventually began a three-year stint in the House of Commons from 1695-1698.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Though his career there was largely uneventful, it is noteworthy for his support of the Treason Bill, which provided legal counsel for those accused of the crime.<ref>Ibid.</ref> When Cooper rose to speak in favor of the bill, he either feigned fright at speaking to the assembly or was actually frightened, and had to take a moment to compose himself in front of the body.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Once ready, he then spoke of the need for the accused to have counsel in front of the judges trying their case, because he, innocent and not even accused of treason, as well as a Member of Parliament, was still placed in a state of fright when compelled to speak before their authority.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The bill passed in no small part due to this rhetorical flourish. Afterwards, he refused to stand for the House of Commons again, and instead stepped down as the body dissolved. A year later, in 1699, his father died and Cooper gained his seat in the House of Lords, where he served actively until William III’s death in 1702.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

While his prominence eventually declined in the 20th century as a philosopher, Shaftesbury was one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, and it is still regarded with much prestige.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> Today, Shaftesbury is remembered "as the initiator of the ‘moral sense’ school of British ethical theory."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. "Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1." ''Online Library of Liberty''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref> Lord Shaftesbury believed that "humans appreciate order and harmony" and it was that appreciation that defined humans "judgments on beauty, morality, and religion."<ref>Gill, Michael B. “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury].” ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', June 1, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/.</ref> Shaftesbury was not interested in philosophy as a purely academic pursuit; he believed it could be used to "help people lead better lives" and often wrote persuasively, for all educated people to read.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Cooper was single most of his life, which gave rise to questions regarding his sexuality that his own writings do not dispel.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He did, however, recognize his duty to his family to further his line, as evidenced by a letter to his brother, Maurice, in 1705.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1709, he married a Jane Ewer, and by 1711 she bore him a son, who would become Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the middle of 1711 he left England for good, and late that year established a residence in Chiaia, Italy. He lived there until his death in 1713.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His remains were returned to England and interred in the chapel of Wimborne St. Giles.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'', a collection of Cooper's more influential essays, was first published in 1711.<ref>"Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of," in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).</ref>
Cooper made extensive revisions for the second edition which was released over a year after his death in 1714.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 64, no. 3/4 ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' (2001): 529.</ref> It contained multiple engravings in the second volume, included for illustrative and demonstrative purposes.<ref>Isabel Rivers, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 51, no.204 new series ''The Review of English Studies (Nov. 2000): 620.</ref> Over the next 60 years, nine more editions surfaced in England.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work itself was intended to serve as a guide to the reader on how to live a morally sound life, and covers a myriad of topics, from masculinity to the arts.<ref>Klein, "Review," 531.</ref> Containing nearly a quarter-million words, the manuscript itself is often split into three volumes.<ref>Ibid., 532</ref> The first volume contains what amounts to a foundation of principles that are discussed in more depth in the second volume. The third volume then contains meandering writings intended to clarify the first two volumes.<ref>Rivers, "Review," 617.</ref> The work is notable for both its novel approach in addressing moralistic thinking and its influence on future philosophers. Cooper's work was one of the first of its kind to explore moral principles divorced from the typical Christian framework that often accompanied them.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, Cooper framed his justification for moral principles based on natural propensities for affection between individuals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> ''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'' influenced many prominent philosophers of later generations, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] and, to a lesser extent, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant].<ref>Ibid.</ref> Second only to [[wiki: Locke’s Second Treatise]], Charackteristicks "was the most reprinted book in English in that century."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. “Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1.” Online Library of Liberty. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Shaftesbury’s Characteristics. 3.v. 12mo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appears on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Shaftsbury's Essays 2 [vols.], $1.00." [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 18, 2023.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several duodecimo editions were published, the first in 1733." Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> lists the choice of either the 2nd edition published in London (1714-715)<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 2:13 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648109&view=1up&seq=25 [no.1258]]. Jefferson sold a copy of the London edition to the Library of Congress in 1815, but it includes no markings suggesting prior Wythe ownership.</ref> or the Foulis edition published in Glasgow (1743-1745)<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Thomas Jefferson's Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order'', ed. by James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington: Library of Congress, 1989): 55.</ref> based on copies owned by Thomas Jefferson. He also notes "Since Wythe favored published works from Foulis, he may have owned that edition. However, we cannot prove one way or the other which edition he owned."<ref>Brown.</ref>

The Wolf Law Library has not found an available copy of ''Shaftesbury's Characteristics'', but would prefer the Foulis edition if available.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]

[[Category:English]]

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times

2023-10-24T12:29:15Z

Edherber: /* by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.''}}
===by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury===
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}}[[wikipedia:/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury|Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] (1671-1713), firstborn son of the 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, was a pupil of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke’s] in the early 1670s.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6209 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed December 4 2015.</ref> While Shaftesbury did not always agree with Locke’s philosophies, his influence no doubt helped to shape Shaftesbury as an intellectual.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> After a tour of continental Europe in the 1680s, Cooper returned to England and eventually began a three-year stint in the House of Commons from 1695-1698.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Though his career there was largely uneventful, it is noteworthy for his support of the Treason Bill, which provided legal counsel for those accused of the crime.<ref>Ibid.</ref> When Cooper rose to speak in favor of the bill, he either feigned fright at speaking to the assembly or was actually frightened, and had to take a moment to compose himself in front of the body.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Once ready, he then spoke of the need for the accused to have counsel in front of the judges trying their case, because he, innocent and not even accused of treason, as well as a Member of Parliament, was still placed in a state of fright when compelled to speak before their authority.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The bill passed in no small part due to this rhetorical flourish. Afterwards, he refused to stand for the House of Commons again, and instead stepped down as the body dissolved. A year later, in 1699, his father died and Cooper gained his seat in the House of Lords, where he served actively until William III’s death in 1702.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

While his prominence eventually declined in the 20th century as a philosopher, Shaftesbury was one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, and it is still regarded with much prestige.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> Today, Shaftesbury is remembered "as the initiator of the ‘moral sense’ school of British ethical theory."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. "Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1." ''Online Library of Liberty''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref> Lord Shaftesbury believed that "humans appreciate order and harmony" and it was that appreciation that defined humans "judgments on beauty, morality, and religion."<ref>Gill, Michael B. “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury].” ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', June 1, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/.</ref> Shaftesbury was not interested in philosophy as a purely academic pursuit; he believed it could be used to "help people lead better lives" and often wrote persuasively, for all educated people to read.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Cooper was single most of his life, which gave rise to questions regarding his sexuality that his own writings do not dispel.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He did, however, recognize his duty to his family to further his line, as evidenced by a letter to his brother, Maurice, in 1705.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1709, he married a Jane Ewer, and by 1711 she bore him a son, who would become Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the middle of 1711 he left England for good, and late that year established a residence in Chiaia, Italy. He lived there until his death in 1713.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His remains were returned to England and interred in the chapel of Wimborne St. Giles.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'', a collection of Cooper's more influential essays, was first published in 1711.<ref>"Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of," in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).</ref>
Cooper made extensive revisions for the second edition which was released over a year after his death in 1714.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 64, no. 3/4 ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' (2001): 529.</ref> It contained multiple engravings in the second volume, included for illustrative and demonstrative purposes.<ref>Isabel Rivers, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 51, no.204 new series ''The Review of English Studies (Nov. 2000): 620.</ref> Over the next 60 years, nine more editions surfaced in England.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work itself was intended to serve as a guide to the reader on how to live a morally sound life, and covers a myriad of topics, from masculinity to the arts.<ref>Klein, "Review," 531.</ref> Containing nearly a quarter-million words, the manuscript itself is often split into three volumes.<ref>Ibid., 532</ref> The first volume contains what amounts to a foundation of principles that are discussed in more depth in the second volume. The third volume then contains meandering writings intended to clarify the first two volumes.<ref>Rivers, "Review," 617.</ref> The work is notable for both its novel approach in addressing moralistic thinking and its influence on future philosophers. Cooper's work was one of the first of its kind to explore moral principles divorced from the typical Christian framework that often accompanied them.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, Cooper framed his justification for moral principles based on natural propensities for affection between individuals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> ''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'' influenced many prominent philosophers of later generations, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] and, to a lesser extent, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant].<ref>Ibid.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Shaftesbury’s Characteristics. 3.v. 12mo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appears on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Shaftsbury's Essays 2 [vols.], $1.00." [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 18, 2023.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several duodecimo editions were published, the first in 1733." Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> lists the choice of either the 2nd edition published in London (1714-715)<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 2:13 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648109&view=1up&seq=25 [no.1258]]. Jefferson sold a copy of the London edition to the Library of Congress in 1815, but it includes no markings suggesting prior Wythe ownership.</ref> or the Foulis edition published in Glasgow (1743-1745)<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Thomas Jefferson's Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order'', ed. by James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington: Library of Congress, 1989): 55.</ref> based on copies owned by Thomas Jefferson. He also notes "Since Wythe favored published works from Foulis, he may have owned that edition. However, we cannot prove one way or the other which edition he owned."<ref>Brown.</ref>

The Wolf Law Library has not found an available copy of ''Shaftesbury's Characteristics'', but would prefer the Foulis edition if available.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]

[[Category:English]]

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times

2023-10-24T12:28:08Z

Edherber: /* by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury */

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}}[[wikipedia:/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury|Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] (1671-1713), firstborn son of the 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, was a pupil of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke’s] in the early 1670s.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6209 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed December 4 2015.</ref> While Shaftesbury did not always agree with Locke’s philosophies, his influence no doubt helped to shape Shaftesbury as an intellectual.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> After a tour of continental Europe in the 1680s, Cooper returned to England and eventually began a three-year stint in the House of Commons from 1695-1698.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Though his career there was largely uneventful, it is noteworthy for his support of the Treason Bill, which provided legal counsel for those accused of the crime.<ref>Ibid.</ref> When Cooper rose to speak in favor of the bill, he either feigned fright at speaking to the assembly or was actually frightened, and had to take a moment to compose himself in front of the body.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Once ready, he then spoke of the need for the accused to have counsel in front of the judges trying their case, because he, innocent and not even accused of treason, as well as a Member of Parliament, was still placed in a state of fright when compelled to speak before their authority.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The bill passed in no small part due to this rhetorical flourish. Afterwards, he refused to stand for the House of Commons again, and instead stepped down as the body dissolved. A year later, in 1699, his father died and Cooper gained his seat in the House of Lords, where he served actively until William III’s death in 1702.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

While his prominence eventually declined in the 20th century as a philosopher, Shaftesbury was one of the most influential philosophers of the 18th century, and it is still regarded with much prestige.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> Today, Shaftesbury is remembered "as the initiator of the ‘moral sense’ school of British ethical theory."<ref>Cooper, Anthony. "Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, Vol. 1." ''Online Library of Liberty''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/shaftesbury-characteristicks-of-men-manners-opinions-times-vol-1.</ref>

Cooper was single most of his life, which gave rise to questions regarding his sexuality that his own writings do not dispel.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He did, however, recognize his duty to his family to further his line, as evidenced by a letter to his brother, Maurice, in 1705.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1709, he married a Jane Ewer, and by 1711 she bore him a son, who would become Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the middle of 1711 he left England for good, and late that year established a residence in Chiaia, Italy. He lived there until his death in 1713.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His remains were returned to England and interred in the chapel of Wimborne St. Giles.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Lord Shaftesbury believed that "humans appreciate order and harmony" and it was that appreciation that defined humans "judgments on beauty, morality, and religion."<ref>Gill, Michael B. “Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury].” ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', June 1, 2021. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/.</ref> Shaftesbury was not interested in philosophy as a purely academic pursuit; he believed it could be used to "help people lead better lives" and often wrote persuasively, for all educated people to read.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'', a collection of Cooper's more influential essays, was first published in 1711.<ref>"Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of," in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).</ref>
Cooper made extensive revisions for the second edition which was released over a year after his death in 1714.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 64, no. 3/4 ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' (2001): 529.</ref> It contained multiple engravings in the second volume, included for illustrative and demonstrative purposes.<ref>Isabel Rivers, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 51, no.204 new series ''The Review of English Studies (Nov. 2000): 620.</ref> Over the next 60 years, nine more editions surfaced in England.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work itself was intended to serve as a guide to the reader on how to live a morally sound life, and covers a myriad of topics, from masculinity to the arts.<ref>Klein, "Review," 531.</ref> Containing nearly a quarter-million words, the manuscript itself is often split into three volumes.<ref>Ibid., 532</ref> The first volume contains what amounts to a foundation of principles that are discussed in more depth in the second volume. The third volume then contains meandering writings intended to clarify the first two volumes.<ref>Rivers, "Review," 617.</ref> The work is notable for both its novel approach in addressing moralistic thinking and its influence on future philosophers. Cooper's work was one of the first of its kind to explore moral principles divorced from the typical Christian framework that often accompanied them.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, Cooper framed his justification for moral principles based on natural propensities for affection between individuals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> ''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'' influenced many prominent philosophers of later generations, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] and, to a lesser extent, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant].<ref>Ibid.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Shaftesbury’s Characteristics. 3.v. 12mo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appears on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Shaftsbury's Essays 2 [vols.], $1.00." [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 18, 2023.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several duodecimo editions were published, the first in 1733." Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> lists the choice of either the 2nd edition published in London (1714-715)<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 2:13 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648109&view=1up&seq=25 [no.1258]]. Jefferson sold a copy of the London edition to the Library of Congress in 1815, but it includes no markings suggesting prior Wythe ownership.</ref> or the Foulis edition published in Glasgow (1743-1745)<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Thomas Jefferson's Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order'', ed. by James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington: Library of Congress, 1989): 55.</ref> based on copies owned by Thomas Jefferson. He also notes "Since Wythe favored published works from Foulis, he may have owned that edition. However, we cannot prove one way or the other which edition he owned."<ref>Brown.</ref>

The Wolf Law Library has not found an available copy of ''Shaftesbury's Characteristics'', but would prefer the Foulis edition if available.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]

[[Category:English]]

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times

2023-10-24T12:17:15Z

Edherber:

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.''}}
===by Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury===
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}}[[wikipedia:/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury|Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]] (1671-1713), firstborn son of the 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury, was a pupil of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke John Locke’s] in the early 1670s.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/6209 Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713)]", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (Oxford University Press, 2004- ), accessed December 4 2015.</ref> While Shaftesbury did not always agree with Locke’s philosophies, his influence no doubt helped to shape Shaftesbury as an intellectual.<ref>McAteer, John. "The Third Earl of Shaftesbury (1671—1713)." ''Internet encyclopedia of philosophy''. Accessed October 23, 2023. https://iep.utm.edu/shaftes/.</ref> After a tour of continental Europe in the 1680s, Cooper returned to England and eventually began a three-year stint in the House of Commons from 1695-1698.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Though his career there was largely uneventful, it is noteworthy for his support of the Treason Bill, which provided legal counsel for those accused of the crime.<ref>Ibid.</ref> When Cooper rose to speak in favor of the bill, he either feigned fright at speaking to the assembly or was actually frightened, and had to take a moment to compose himself in front of the body.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Once ready, he then spoke of the need for the accused to have counsel in front of the judges trying their case, because he, innocent and not even accused of treason, as well as a Member of Parliament, was still placed in a state of fright when compelled to speak before their authority.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The bill passed in no small part due to this rhetorical flourish. Afterwards, he refused to stand for the House of Commons again, and instead stepped down as the body dissolved. A year later, in 1699, his father died and Cooper gained his seat in the House of Lords, where he served actively until William III’s death in 1702.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

Cooper was single most of his life, which gave rise to questions regarding his sexuality that his own writings do not dispel.<ref>Ibid.</ref> He did, however, recognize his duty to his family to further his line, as evidenced by a letter to his brother, Maurice, in 1705.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In 1709, he married a Jane Ewer, and by 1711 she bore him a son, who would become Anthony Ashley Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury.<ref>Ibid.</ref> In the middle of 1711 he left England for good, and late that year established a residence in Chiaia, Italy. He lived there until his death in 1713.<ref>Ibid.</ref> His remains were returned to England and interred in the chapel of Wimborne St. Giles.<ref>Ibid.</ref>

''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'', a collection of Cooper's more influential essays, was first published in 1711.<ref>"Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3d Earl of," in ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'' (New York, NY: Columbia University Press).</ref>
Cooper made extensive revisions for the second edition which was released over a year after his death in 1714.<ref>Lawrence E. Klein, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 64, no. 3/4 ''Huntington Library Quarterly'' (2001): 529.</ref> It contained multiple engravings in the second volume, included for illustrative and demonstrative purposes.<ref>Isabel Rivers, "Review of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, ''Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times'' edited by Philip Ayres," 51, no.204 new series ''The Review of English Studies (Nov. 2000): 620.</ref> Over the next 60 years, nine more editions surfaced in England.<ref>Ibid.</ref> The work itself was intended to serve as a guide to the reader on how to live a morally sound life, and covers a myriad of topics, from masculinity to the arts.<ref>Klein, "Review," 531.</ref> Containing nearly a quarter-million words, the manuscript itself is often split into three volumes.<ref>Ibid., 532</ref> The first volume contains what amounts to a foundation of principles that are discussed in more depth in the second volume. The third volume then contains meandering writings intended to clarify the first two volumes.<ref>Rivers, "Review," 617.</ref> The work is notable for both its novel approach in addressing moralistic thinking and its influence on future philosophers. Cooper's work was one of the first of its kind to explore moral principles divorced from the typical Christian framework that often accompanied them.<ref>Ibid.</ref> Instead, Cooper framed his justification for moral principles based on natural propensities for affection between individuals.<ref>Ibid.</ref> ''Characteristicks, of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times &c.'' influenced many prominent philosophers of later generations, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume David Hume] and, to a lesser extent, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant Immanuel Kant].<ref>Ibid.</ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Shaftesbury’s Characteristics. 3.v. 12mo." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appears on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Shaftsbury's Essays 2 [vols.], $1.00." [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library]<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 18, 2023.</ref> on LibraryThing indicates "Precise edition unknown. Several duodecimo editions were published, the first in 1733." Brown's Bibliography<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> lists the choice of either the 2nd edition published in London (1714-715)<ref>E. Millicent Sowerby, ''Catalogue of the Library of Thomas Jefferson'', (Washington, D.C.: The Library of Congress, 1952-1959), 2:13 [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015033648109&view=1up&seq=25 [no.1258]]. Jefferson sold a copy of the London edition to the Library of Congress in 1815, but it includes no markings suggesting prior Wythe ownership.</ref> or the Foulis edition published in Glasgow (1743-1745)<ref>Thomas Jefferson, ''Thomas Jefferson's Library: A Catalog with the Entries in His Own Order'', ed. by James Gilreath and Douglas L. Wilson (Washington: Library of Congress, 1989): 55.</ref> based on copies owned by Thomas Jefferson. He also notes "Since Wythe favored published works from Foulis, he may have owned that edition. However, we cannot prove one way or the other which edition he owned."<ref>Brown.</ref>

The Wolf Law Library has not found an available copy of ''Shaftesbury's Characteristics'', but would prefer the Foulis edition if available.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*[[Wythe's Library]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]

[[Category:English]]

General History of England

2023-09-06T19:54:53Z

Edherber: /* by William Guthrie */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A General History of England: From the Invasion of the Romans under Julius Cæsar to the Late Revolution in MDCLXXXIII Including the Histories of the Neighboring People and States, so far as they are Connected with That of England.''}}
===by William Guthrie===
__NOTOC__
{{NoBookInfoBox
|shorttitle=A General History of England
|commontitle=
|vol=
|author=[[:Category:William Guthrie|William Guthrie]]
|editor=
|trans=
|publoc=[[:Category:London|London]]
|publisher=Printed for D. Browne by T. Waller
|year=1744-1751
|edition=
|lang=[[:Category:English|English]]
|set=
|pages=
|desc=
}}
[[Wikipedia: William Guthrie (historian)| William Guthrie]] (1708(?)-1770), educated at [[Wikipedia: King’s College, Aberdeen| King’s College]], was one of the great published authors of the eighteenth century. Beginning his work writing for [[Wikipedia: The Gentleman's Magazine| The Gentleman's Magazine]] under the pseudonym “Jeffrey Broadbottom.” His work soon became politically focused. He began writing histories. His endeavor was to create historical documentation that was “truly impartial.” <ref> Laird Okie, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24447416 "William Guthrie, Enlightenment Historian]" ''The Historian'' 51, no. 2 (1989): 221-38. </ref> He refused to glorify great men of his time or to create fictional narratives just to please his readers. <ref> Ibid </ref> Despite this refusal, he was pensioned by the government in 1745. <ref> David Allen, "[https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/11792 Guthrie, William (1708?-1770)]" in "''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', accessed September 4 2023. </ref> His pension is part of the reason he was able to write such extensive histories, like ''The General History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to 1688''. His most successful work was published almost a decade later, titled ''Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar (1770)''. <ref> Ibid </ref> While Guthrie’s reputation as impartial and accurate has since declined and his works have faced some credibility issues, he is still considered to be a “serious scholar” and one of the great historians of his time. <ref> Ibid </ref>

In the preface of ''The General History of England'' Guthrie writes of his belief that “political partisanship had ruined historical writing in England.” <ref> Laird Okie, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24447416 "William Guthrie, Enlightenment Historian]" ''The Historian'' 51, no. 2 (1989): 221-38. </ref> In ''The General History of England'', Guthrie tries to go beyond just relaying a series of political events. As he wrote, “particular care will be taken to interweave it with an account of the rise, progress, improvement, or decay of trade, manufacturing, learning, arts and sciences of the English nation, upon a more useful and extensive plan that has hitherto been attempted.” <ref> Ibid </ref> ''The General History of England'' is four volumes, and it was published through subscriptions between 1744 and 1752. <ref> Ibid </ref> Of the four volumes, three of them were dedicated to the [[Wikipedia: Tudor period| Tudor period]] and [[Wikipedia: Stuart period| Stuart period]]. <ref> Ibid </ref> This reflects “Guthrie’s belief that a new system of liberty, civilization, and economic transformation began to emerge at the end of the 15th century, grew during the sixteenth century and survived the Stuart challenge in the seventeenth.” <ref> Ibid </ref> He also believed that the early Stuart period is the part of English history that is the one most in need of clarification by an impartial historian. <ref> Ibid </ref> Because of the sheer length and content of the series, it did not win him fame, but it did set a new example of history for the Enlightenment period. <ref> Ibid </ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Guthrie's history of England & Ralph's continuation 5.v. fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appeared on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Guthries History of England 3 [vols.] $15.00." According to the ''English Short Title Catalogue'', Guthrie only published one edition — in London (1744-1751). Both [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library] on ''LibraryThing''<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 17, 2023.</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> list Guthrie's ''History of England''.

As yet, the Wolf Law Library has been unable to find a copy of this title.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*''[[New System of Modern Geography|A New System of Modern Geography: or, A Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar, and Present State of the Several Nations of the World]]''
*[[Wythe's Library]]

==References==

[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]
[[Category:William Guthrie]]

[[Category:English]]
[[Category:London]]

General History of England

2023-09-06T19:53:52Z

Edherber: /* by William Guthrie */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A General History of England: From the Invasion of the Romans under Julius Cæsar to the Late Revolution in MDCLXXXIII Including the Histories of the Neighboring People and States, so far as they are Connected with That of England.''}}
===by William Guthrie===
__NOTOC__
{{NoBookInfoBox
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|commontitle=
|vol=
|author=[[:Category:William Guthrie|William Guthrie]]
|editor=
|trans=
|publoc=[[:Category:London|London]]
|publisher=Printed for D. Browne by T. Waller
|year=1744-1751
|edition=
|lang=[[:Category:English|English]]
|set=
|pages=
|desc=
}}
[[Wikipedia: William Guthrie (historian)| William Guthrie]] (1708(?)-1770), educated at [[Wikipedia: King’s College, Aberdeen| King’s College]], was one of the great published authors of the eighteenth century. Beginning his work writing for [[Wikipedia: The Gentleman's Magazine| The Gentleman's Magazine]] under the pseudonym “Jeffrey Broadbottom.” His work soon became politically focused. He began writing histories. His endeavor was to create historical documentation that was “truly impartial.” <ref> Laird Okie, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24447416 "William Guthrie, Enlightenment Historian]" ''The Historian'' 51, no. 2 (1989): 221-38. </ref> He refused to glorify great men of his time or to create fictional narratives just to please his readers. <ref> Ibid </ref> Despite this refusal, he was pensioned by the government in 1745. <ref> David Allen, "[https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/11792 Guthrie, William (1708?-1770)]" in "''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', accessed September 4 2023. </ref> His pension is part of the reason he was able to write such extensive histories, like ''The General History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to 1688''. His most successful work was published almost a decade later, titled ''Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar (1770)''. <ref> Ibid </ref> While Guthrie’s reputation as impartial and accurate has since declined and his works have faced some credibility issues, he is still considered to be a “serious scholar” and one of the great historians of his time. <ref> Ibid </ref>

In the preface of ''The General History of England'' Guthrie writes of his belief that “political partisanship had ruined historical writing in England.” <ref> Laird Okie, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24447416 "William Guthrie, Enlightenment Historian]" ''The Historian'' 51, no. 2 (1989): 221-38. </ref> In ''The General History of England'', Guthrie tries to go beyond just relaying a series of political events. As he wrote, “particular care will be taken to interweave it with an account of the rise, progress, improvement, or decay of trade, manufacturing, learning, arts and sciences of the English nation, upon a more useful and extensive plan that has hitherto been attempted.” <ref> Ibid </ref> ''The General History of England'' is four volumes, and it was published through subscriptions between 1744 and 1752. <ref> Ibid </ref> Of the four volumes, three of them were dedicated to the [[Wikipedia: Tudor period]] and [[Wikipedia: Stuart period]]. <ref> Ibid </ref> This reflects “Guthrie’s belief that a new system of liberty, civilization, and economic transformation began to emerge at the end of the 15th century, grew during the sixteenth century and survived the Stuart challenge in the seventeenth.” <ref> Ibid </ref> He also believed that the early Stuart period is the part of English history that is the one most in need of clarification by an impartial historian. <ref> Ibid </ref> Because of the sheer length and content of the series, it did not win him fame, but it did set a new example of history for the Enlightenment period. <ref> Ibid </ref>

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Guthrie's history of England & Ralph's continuation 5.v. fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appeared on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Guthries History of England 3 [vols.] $15.00." According to the ''English Short Title Catalogue'', Guthrie only published one edition — in London (1744-1751). Both [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library] on ''LibraryThing''<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 17, 2023.</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> list Guthrie's ''History of England''.

As yet, the Wolf Law Library has been unable to find a copy of this title.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*''[[New System of Modern Geography|A New System of Modern Geography: or, A Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar, and Present State of the Several Nations of the World]]''
*[[Wythe's Library]]

==References==

[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]
[[Category:William Guthrie]]

[[Category:English]]
[[Category:London]]

General History of England

2023-09-06T19:47:34Z

Edherber: /* by William Guthrie */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A General History of England: From the Invasion of the Romans under Julius Cæsar to the Late Revolution in MDCLXXXIII Including the Histories of the Neighboring People and States, so far as they are Connected with That of England.''}}
===by William Guthrie===
__NOTOC__
{{NoBookInfoBox
|shorttitle=A General History of England
|commontitle=
|vol=
|author=[[:Category:William Guthrie|William Guthrie]]
|editor=
|trans=
|publoc=[[:Category:London|London]]
|publisher=Printed for D. Browne by T. Waller
|year=1744-1751
|edition=
|lang=[[:Category:English|English]]
|set=
|pages=
|desc=
}}
[[Wikipedia: William Guthrie (historian)| William Guthrie]] (1708(?)-1770), educated at [[Wikipedia: King’s College, Aberdeen| King’s College]], was one of the great published authors of the eighteenth century. Beginning his work writing for [[Wikipedia: The Gentleman's Magazine| The Gentleman's Magazine]] under the pseudonym “Jeffrey Broadbottom.” His work soon became politically focused. He began writing histories. His endeavor was to create historical documentation that was “truly impartial.” <ref> Laird Okie, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24447416 "William Guthrie, Enlightenment Historian]" ''The Historian'' 51, no. 2 (1989): 221-38. </ref> He refused to glorify great men of his time or to create fictional narratives just to please his readers. <ref> Ibid </ref> Despite this refusal, he was pensioned by the government in 1745. <ref> David Allen, "[https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/11792 Guthrie, William (1708?-1770)]" in "''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', accessed September 4 2023. </ref> His pension is part of the reason he was able to write such extensive histories, like ''The General History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to 1688''. His most successful work was published almost a decade later, titled ''Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar (1770)''. <ref> Ibid </ref> While Guthrie’s reputation as impartial and accurate has since declined and his works have faced some credibility issues, he is still considered to be a “serious scholar” and one of the great historians of his time. <ref> Ibid </ref>

In the preface of The General History of England Gutherie writes of his belief that “political partisanship had ruined historical writing in England.” In General History of England Gutherie tries to go beyond just relaying a series of political events. As he wrote, “particular care will be taken to interweave it with an account of the rise, progress, improvement, or decay of trade, manufacturing, learning, arts and sciences of the English nation, upon a more useful and extensive plan that has hitherto been attempted.” The General History of England is four volumes, and it was published through subscriptions between 1744 and 1752. Of the four volumes, three of them were dedicated to the Tudor-Stuart period. This reflects “Guthrie’s belief that a new system of liberty, civilization, and economic transformation began to emerge at the end of the 15th century, grew during the sixteenth century and survived the Stuart challenge in the seventeenth.” He also believed that the early Stuart period is the part of English history that is the one most in need of clarification by an impartial historian. Because of the sheer length and content of the series, it did not win him fame, but it did set a new example of history for the Enlightenment period.

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Guthrie's history of England & Ralph's continuation 5.v. fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appeared on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Guthries History of England 3 [vols.] $15.00." According to the ''English Short Title Catalogue'', Guthrie only published one edition — in London (1744-1751). Both [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library] on ''LibraryThing''<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 17, 2023.</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> list Guthrie's ''History of England''.

As yet, the Wolf Law Library has been unable to find a copy of this title.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*''[[New System of Modern Geography|A New System of Modern Geography: or, A Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar, and Present State of the Several Nations of the World]]''
*[[Wythe's Library]]

==References==

[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]
[[Category:William Guthrie]]

[[Category:English]]
[[Category:London]]

General History of England

2023-09-06T19:35:04Z

Edherber: /* by William Guthrie */

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''A General History of England: From the Invasion of the Romans under Julius Cæsar to the Late Revolution in MDCLXXXIII Including the Histories of the Neighboring People and States, so far as they are Connected with That of England.''}}
===by William Guthrie===
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[[Wikipedia: William Guthrie (historian)| William Guthrie]] (1708(?)-1770), educated at [[Wikipedia: King’s College, Aberdeen| King’s College]], was one of the great published authors of the eighteenth century. Beginning his work writing for [[Wikipedia: The Gentleman's Magazine| The Gentleman's Magazine]] under the pseudonym “Jeffrey Broadbottom.” His work soon became politically focused. He began writing histories. His endeavor was to create historical documentation that was “truly impartial.” <ref> Laird Okie, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/24447416 "William Guthrie, Enlightenment Historian]" ''The Historian'' 51, no. 2 (1989): 221-38. </ref> He refused to glorify great men of his time or to create fictional narratives just to please his readers. Despite this refusal, he was pensioned by the government in 1745. His pension is part of the reason he was able to write such extensive histories, like The General History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to 1688. His most successful work was published almost a decade later, titled Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar (1770). While Guthrie’s reputation as impartial and accurate has since declined and his works have faced some credibility issues, he is still considered to be a “serious scholar” and one of the great historians of his time.
In the preface of The General History of England Gutherie writes of his belief that “political partisanship had ruined historical writing in England.” In General History of England Gutherie tries to go beyond just relaying a series of political events. As he wrote, “particular care will be taken to interweave it with an account of the rise, progress, improvement, or decay of trade, manufacturing, learning, arts and sciences of the English nation, upon a more useful and extensive plan that has hitherto been attempted.” The General History of England is four volumes, and it was published through subscriptions between 1744 and 1752. Of the four volumes, three of them were dedicated to the Tudor-Stuart period. This reflects “Guthrie’s belief that a new system of liberty, civilization, and economic transformation began to emerge at the end of the 15th century, grew during the sixteenth century and survived the Stuart challenge in the seventeenth.” He also believed that the early Stuart period is the part of English history that is the one most in need of clarification by an impartial historian. Because of the sheer length and content of the series, it did not win him fame, but it did set a new example of history for the Enlightenment period.

==Evidence for Inclusion in Wythe's Library==
Listed in the [[Jefferson Inventory]] of [[Wythe's Library]] as "Guthrie's history of England & Ralph's continuation 5.v. fol." and given by [[Thomas Jefferson]] to his son-in-law, [[Thomas Mann Randolph]]. Later appeared on Randolph's 1832 estate inventory as "Guthries History of England 3 [vols.] $15.00." According to the ''English Short Title Catalogue'', Guthrie only published one edition — in London (1744-1751). Both [http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe George Wythe's Library] on ''LibraryThing''<ref>''LibraryThing'', s.v. "[http://www.librarything.com/profile/GeorgeWythe Member: George Wythe]," accessed on July 17, 2023.</ref> and the [https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433 Brown Bibliography]<ref>Bennie Brown, "The Library of George Wythe of Williamsburg and Richmond," (unpublished manuscript, May, 2012) Microsoft Word file. Earlier edition available at: https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/handle/10288/13433.</ref> list Guthrie's ''History of England''.

As yet, the Wolf Law Library has been unable to find a copy of this title.

==See also==
*[[Jefferson Inventory]]
*''[[New System of Modern Geography|A New System of Modern Geography: or, A Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar, and Present State of the Several Nations of the World]]''
*[[Wythe's Library]]

==References==

[[Category:British History]]
[[Category:Thomas Mann Randolph's Books]]
[[Category:Titles in Wythe's Library]]
[[Category:William Guthrie]]

[[Category:English]]
[[Category:London]]